Muscles

Muscular dystrophy refers to the absence of one or more muscles; most frequently, the pectoralis major muscle. In abdominal wall dysplasia, the muscles of the abdominal wall are missing. This congenital defect is generally associated with malformations of the urogenital system.
In congenital diaphragmatic hernia, abdominal organs are displaced into the thoracic cavity. These hernias are more common on the left side than on the right. The most frequent forms of diaphragmatic hernias are the postero-lateral (in the region of the pleuroperitoneal canal), the parasternal (near the sternum) and the hiatal hernia. In the sliding hiatal hernia, part of the stomach invades the mediastinum through the oesophageal aperture. In the para-oesophageal hiatal hernia, the cardia (opening from the oesophagus to the stomach) and the upper part of the stomach may be shifted into the thoracic cavity and become strangled.