Human Embryology and Teratology
Teaching text 10: Urinary system 16: Malformations and anomalies 3
Urinary bladder
Ectopic ureter orifices: the openings of the ureters are outside the trigone of the bladder.
Urachal fistula: The allantois has not completely degenerated. A connection remains from the bladder to the outside of the body, through which urine can be drained from the umbilicus.
Urachal cyst: A liquid-filled cyst remains in the otherwise degenerated median umbilical ligament.
Bladder exstrophy: The ventral body wall and the bladder remain open. The mucous membrane of the bladder is exposed at the surface. Bladder exstrophy is often combined with epispadia.